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Sense-for-sense translation is the oldest norm for translating. It fundamentally means translating the meaning of each whole sentence before moving on to the next, and stands in normative opposition to word-for-word translation (also known as literal translation), which means translating the meaning of each lexical item in sequence. ==History== The coiner of the term "sense-for-sense" was Jerome in his "Letter to Pammachius", where he said that, "except of course in the case of Holy Scripture, where even the syntax contains a mystery," he translates ''non verbum e verbo sed sensum de sensu'': not word for word but sense for sense.〔Douglas Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche'' (Manchester, UK: St. Jerome, 1997, 2ed 2002), 25.〕 However, arguably Jerome is here not inventing the concept of sense-for-sense translation, which most scholars believe was invented by Cicero in ''De Oratore'' ("On the Orator"), when he said that in translating from Greek to Latin "I did not think I ought to count them out to the reader like coins, but to pay them by weight, as it were."〔Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory'', 9.〕 And he is certainly not even coining the term "word-for-word," but borrowing it from Cicero as well, or possibly from Horace, who warned the writer interested in retelling ancient tales in an original way ''Nec verbo verbum curabit reddere / fidus interpretes'': "not to try to render them word for word (some ) faithful translator."〔Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory'', 15.〕 Some have read that passage in Horace differently: :Boethius in 510 CE and Johannes Scotus Eriugena in the mid-9th century read it to mean that translating literally is "the fault/blame of the faithful interpreter/translator," and fear that they have incurred it; Burgundio of Pisa in the 1170s and Sir Richard Sherburne in 1702 recognize that Horace is advising not translators but original writers, but still assume that he is calling ''all'' translation literal; and John Denham in 1656 and André Lefevere in 1992 take Horace to be warning translators against translating literally.〔For Boethius, Eriugena, Burgundio, and Denham, see Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory'', 35, 37, 42, and 156. For Sherburne, see T. R. Steiner, ''English Translation Theory, 1650–1800'' (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1975), 89. André Lefevere's translation of Horace appears in Lefevere, ed., ''Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook'' (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), 15: "Do not worry about rendering word for word, faithful translator, but render sense for sense." This of course not only makes Horace's advice for the writer into advice for the translator, but anachronistically imports Jerome's coinage back into Horace's dictum, which actually preceded it by four centuries. For discussion, see also Douglas Robinson, ''Who Translates'' (Albany: SUNY Press, 2001), 170–174.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sense-for-sense translation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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